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Abstract
This study aimed to determine the control threshold for effective management of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) crops by establishing the linear correlation between the number of adults captured in sex pheromone traps, egg mass and larval densities with leaf damage rate and yield loss. Field experiments involved pheromone trap monitoring combined with insecticide applications to corresponding experimental plots when moth catches reached thresholds of > 0; ≥ 5, ≥ 10; ≥ 15 and ≥ 20 adults per trap per night. Experiments on egg and larval stages were conducted in 1.0 m × 1.0 m insect-net covered plots of green onion, which were artificially inoculated with varying densities of egg masses (0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.0 egg masses/m2) and larvae (1; 5; 10; 15; 20; 30; 40 and 50 larvae/m2) at two planting time. Final leaf damage, yield reduction and cost-benefit (for the field experiment) were calculated at the harvest time. The control threshold of S. exigua on green onion was determined when the number of adults caught by pheromone traps was ≥ 10 moths per trap per night; the egg density reached 0.11 egg masses/m2 at 5 days after transplanting (DAT) and 0.14 egg masses/m² at 20 DAT; the density of larvae reached 6.1 individuals/m2 at 7 DAT and 9.4 individuals/m2 at 21 DAT. The study contributes to improving effective management of S. exigua on green onion, reducing costs and promoting environmental safety.
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How to Cite
Nguyen Duc Khanh, Tran Thi Thu Phuong, Le Ngoc Anh, & Ho Thi Thu Giang. (2026). Determination of control threshold for beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on green onion. E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(1), 5283–5293. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v10n1y2026.1315
Section
PLANTS - CROP SCIENCES
Copyright @ 2017-2026 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
Nguyễn Thị Hương. (2017). Sâu keo da láng Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) hại hành hoa và biện pháp phòng chống tại Hưng Yên. Luận án tiến sĩ. Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Nông nghiệp.
Nguyễn Đức Khánh, Lê Ngọc Anh và Hồ Thị Thu Giang. (2023). Ảnh hưởng của thuốc Akasa 25SC (hoạt chất Spinosad 25g/l) đối với ong Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti ký sinh sâu keo da láng Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Trong Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Côn trùng học Quốc gia lần thứ 11, 529-537. Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
Bento, J. M. S., Parra, J. R. P., de Miranda, S. H., Adami, A. C., Vilela, E. F., & Leal, W. S. (2016). How much is a pheromone worth? F1000Research 5, 1763. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9195.1
Cruz, I., Figueiredo, M. L. C., da Silva R. B., da Silva, I. F., Paula, C. S., & Foster, J. E. (2012). Using sex pheromone traps in the decision-making process for pesticide application against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in maize. International Journal of Pest Management, 58(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09670874.2012.655702
Duraimurugan, P. & Alivelu, K. (2018). Determination of an action threshold for tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) based on pheromone trap catches in castor (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Entomological Research, 42(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2018.00032.4
FAO (2018). FAO guidance note 3: Fall armyworm trapping. Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Higuchi H., Yamamoto H., & Suzuki Y., (1994). Analysis of damage to soybeans infested by the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). II. Estimation of leaf area damaged by young larvae using spectral reflectivity. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 38(4), 297–300.
Kim, S. G., Kim, D. I., Kang, B. R., & Choi, K. J. (2007). Control thresholds for the management of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 46(3), 431- 435.
Kim, S. G., Kim, D. I., Ko, S. J., Kang, B. R., Kim, H. J., & Choi, K. J. (2009). Determination of economic injury levels and control thresholds for Spodoptera exigua on Chinese cabbage. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 48(1), 81-86.
Kondo, A., & Tanaka, F. (1995). An estimation of the control threshold of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on the pheromone trap catches. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.30.103
Leach, A., Gomez, A.A., & Kaplan, I. (2025). Threshold-based management reduces insecticide use by 44% without compromising pest control or crop yield. Communications Earth & Environment, 6(710). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02643-0.
Lestari, D., Wagiman, F. X., & Martono, E. (2020). Appropriate number of sex pheromone trap for monitoring Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths on shallot field. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 24(2), 229–232. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.23370.
Manisha, L., Venkateswarlu N. C., Chalam, M. S. V., Devi, R. S. J., Murthy, B. R., Manjula, K., Rajasri, M., Kumar, K. S., Kumar, N. J., & Charan K. G. (2024). Estimating the economic threshold levels of Spodoptera frugiperda through larval damage and adult moth trap catches in Andhra Pradesh, India. International journal of bio-resource and stress management, 15(9), 01-10. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2024.5535a
Moekasan, T. K., Setiawati, W., Hasan, F., Runa, R., & Somantri, A. (2013). Penetapan Ambang Pengendalian Spodoptera exigua pada Tanaman Bawang Merah Menggunakan Feromonoid Seks. Jurnal Hortikultura, 23(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/ 10.21082/jhort.v23n1.2013.p80-90
Park, H.H., Kim, K.H., Kim, J.J., Goh, H.G., & Lee S.G., (2010). Relationship of larval density of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to damage in greenhouse sweet pepper. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 49, 351–355.
Prasad, V. D., Rambabu, L. & Reddy, G. P. V. (1993). An action threshold for Helicoverpa armigera Hb. based on pheromone trap catches in cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 21, 17-18
Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., Bosch, R. V. D. & Hagen, K. S. (1959). The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29, 81–101.
Taylor, J. E., & Riley, D. G. (2008). Artificial infestations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), used to estimate an economic injury level in tomato. Crop Protection, 27(2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.05.014.
Thiel, L., Mergenthaler, M., Wutke, M. & Haberlah-Korr, V. (2024). Use of insect pest thresholds in oilseed rape and cereals: is it worth it?. Pest Management Science. 80, 2353-2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7647.
Ueno, T., (2015). Beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a major pest of welsh onion in Vietnam. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 181-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jaes.v4n2a21.
Ujiyani, F., Trisyono, Y. A., Witjaksono, W., & Suputa, S. (2019). Population of Spodoptera exigua Hübner during on-and off-season of shallot in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 23(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/Walker, G. P., Wallace, A. R., Bush, R., Macdonald, F. H. & Suckling, D. M. (2003). Evaluation of pheromone trapping for prediction of diamond back moth infestations in vegetable bassicas. New Zealand Plant Protection, 56, 180-184. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6039
Yuniwati, R., Wawan, Yusup, Sundari, R., Widyanto, H., Samudra, I. M., Koswanudin, Suyadi, Y., Subagio, V. N. O., & Guswenrivo, I. (2023, July). The evaluation of pheromone traps glue formula for monitoring of Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Shallot fields. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Tropical studies and Its applications (ICTROPS 2022) ABSR 31, 418–422. Springer Nature.
Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Li, X., Liu, M., Hafeez, M., Huang, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Ren, X., Dong, W., & Lu, Y. (2023). Spodoptera exigua Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus increases the susceptibility to insecticides: A promising efficient way for pest resistance management. Biology, 12(2), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020260
Nguyễn Đức Khánh, Lê Ngọc Anh và Hồ Thị Thu Giang. (2023). Ảnh hưởng của thuốc Akasa 25SC (hoạt chất Spinosad 25g/l) đối với ong Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti ký sinh sâu keo da láng Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Trong Kỷ yếu Hội nghị Côn trùng học Quốc gia lần thứ 11, 529-537. Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp.
Bento, J. M. S., Parra, J. R. P., de Miranda, S. H., Adami, A. C., Vilela, E. F., & Leal, W. S. (2016). How much is a pheromone worth? F1000Research 5, 1763. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9195.1
Cruz, I., Figueiredo, M. L. C., da Silva R. B., da Silva, I. F., Paula, C. S., & Foster, J. E. (2012). Using sex pheromone traps in the decision-making process for pesticide application against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in maize. International Journal of Pest Management, 58(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09670874.2012.655702
Duraimurugan, P. & Alivelu, K. (2018). Determination of an action threshold for tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) based on pheromone trap catches in castor (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Entomological Research, 42(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4576.2018.00032.4
FAO (2018). FAO guidance note 3: Fall armyworm trapping. Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Higuchi H., Yamamoto H., & Suzuki Y., (1994). Analysis of damage to soybeans infested by the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). II. Estimation of leaf area damaged by young larvae using spectral reflectivity. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 38(4), 297–300.
Kim, S. G., Kim, D. I., Kang, B. R., & Choi, K. J. (2007). Control thresholds for the management of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 46(3), 431- 435.
Kim, S. G., Kim, D. I., Ko, S. J., Kang, B. R., Kim, H. J., & Choi, K. J. (2009). Determination of economic injury levels and control thresholds for Spodoptera exigua on Chinese cabbage. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 48(1), 81-86.
Kondo, A., & Tanaka, F. (1995). An estimation of the control threshold of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on the pheromone trap catches. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.30.103
Leach, A., Gomez, A.A., & Kaplan, I. (2025). Threshold-based management reduces insecticide use by 44% without compromising pest control or crop yield. Communications Earth & Environment, 6(710). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02643-0.
Lestari, D., Wagiman, F. X., & Martono, E. (2020). Appropriate number of sex pheromone trap for monitoring Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths on shallot field. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 24(2), 229–232. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.23370.
Manisha, L., Venkateswarlu N. C., Chalam, M. S. V., Devi, R. S. J., Murthy, B. R., Manjula, K., Rajasri, M., Kumar, K. S., Kumar, N. J., & Charan K. G. (2024). Estimating the economic threshold levels of Spodoptera frugiperda through larval damage and adult moth trap catches in Andhra Pradesh, India. International journal of bio-resource and stress management, 15(9), 01-10. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2024.5535a
Moekasan, T. K., Setiawati, W., Hasan, F., Runa, R., & Somantri, A. (2013). Penetapan Ambang Pengendalian Spodoptera exigua pada Tanaman Bawang Merah Menggunakan Feromonoid Seks. Jurnal Hortikultura, 23(1), 80-90. https://doi.org/ 10.21082/jhort.v23n1.2013.p80-90
Park, H.H., Kim, K.H., Kim, J.J., Goh, H.G., & Lee S.G., (2010). Relationship of larval density of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to damage in greenhouse sweet pepper. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 49, 351–355.
Prasad, V. D., Rambabu, L. & Reddy, G. P. V. (1993). An action threshold for Helicoverpa armigera Hb. based on pheromone trap catches in cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 21, 17-18
Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., Bosch, R. V. D. & Hagen, K. S. (1959). The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29, 81–101.
Taylor, J. E., & Riley, D. G. (2008). Artificial infestations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), used to estimate an economic injury level in tomato. Crop Protection, 27(2), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.05.014.
Thiel, L., Mergenthaler, M., Wutke, M. & Haberlah-Korr, V. (2024). Use of insect pest thresholds in oilseed rape and cereals: is it worth it?. Pest Management Science. 80, 2353-2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7647.
Ueno, T., (2015). Beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a major pest of welsh onion in Vietnam. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 4(2), 181-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jaes.v4n2a21.
Ujiyani, F., Trisyono, Y. A., Witjaksono, W., & Suputa, S. (2019). Population of Spodoptera exigua Hübner during on-and off-season of shallot in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 23(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/Walker, G. P., Wallace, A. R., Bush, R., Macdonald, F. H. & Suckling, D. M. (2003). Evaluation of pheromone trapping for prediction of diamond back moth infestations in vegetable bassicas. New Zealand Plant Protection, 56, 180-184. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6039
Yuniwati, R., Wawan, Yusup, Sundari, R., Widyanto, H., Samudra, I. M., Koswanudin, Suyadi, Y., Subagio, V. N. O., & Guswenrivo, I. (2023, July). The evaluation of pheromone traps glue formula for monitoring of Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in Shallot fields. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Tropical studies and Its applications (ICTROPS 2022) ABSR 31, 418–422. Springer Nature.
Zhou, S., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Li, X., Liu, M., Hafeez, M., Huang, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Ren, X., Dong, W., & Lu, Y. (2023). Spodoptera exigua Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus increases the susceptibility to insecticides: A promising efficient way for pest resistance management. Biology, 12(2), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020260