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Abstract
This study, conducted from October 2024 to July 2025, aimed to evaluate the virulence of Clostridium perfringens carrying the toxin genes cpa and cpb in chickens. The experiment was conducted on a total of 90 MD2.BĐ chickens, which were randomly assigned three treatment groups, with three replicates per treatment. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for biochemical analysis, and intestinal samples were simultaneously taken for histopathological assessment using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. All samples were collected at 1, 3 and 7 days post infection (dpi). Results showed that serum creatinine levels increased early and remained high in both groups of chickens infected with C. perfringens carrying the cpa and cpb genes compared to the control group. Chickens infected with the cpa gene carrying isolates showed a typical increase in LDH and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, while the cpb group exhibited a late increase in AST. Bilirubin and ALT levels showed no significant changes. Regarding gross lesions, the cpb group suffered the most severe damage, with intestinal hemorrhage and mucosal peeling (100% at 3 dpi), along with swollen, pale liver and mild splenomegaly; the cpa group showed earlier but milder lesions. Notably, histopathology did not detect structural necrosis or clear bacterial invasion in either group at the time points surveyed. The findings confirm that the bacterial strain carrying the cpb gene causes more severe gross lesions than the cpa strain.
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How to Cite
Nguyen Dinh Thuy Khuong, Huynh Van Chuong, Ho Thi Dung, Tran Quang Vui, Tran Thi Na, Ho Thi Khanh Linh, Phan Long Nhat, Dang Ngoc Son, & Nguyen Xuan Hoa. (2026). Some blood biochemical parameters and pathological lesions of chickens with necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens carrying cpa and cpb toxin gene. E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(2), 5529–5540. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v10n2y2026.1347
Section
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - VETERINARY MEDICINE - AQUACULTURE- ANIMAL SCIENCES
Copyright @ 2017-2026 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Chaturvedani, A., Jaiswal, S., & Raza, M. (2017). Effect of Thermal Stress on Serum Biochemical and Haematological Parameters in Broiler Chicken. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.21887/ijvsbt.v12i3.7082.
Cooper, K. K. & Songer, J. G. (2009). Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a paradigm of enteric infection by Clostridium perfringens type A. Anaerobe, 15(1-2), 55-60. Doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.01.006.
Cooper, K. K., Songer, J. G., & Uzal, F. A. (2013). Diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25(3), 314-327. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1040638713483468.
Gharib-Naseri, K., Kheravii, S. K., Keerqin, C., Morgan, N., Swick, R. A., Choct, M., & Wu, S. B. (2019). Two different Clostridium perfringens strains produce different levels of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98(12), 6422-6432. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3382/ps/pez480.
Gholamiandehkordi, A. R., Timbermont, L., Lanckriet, A., Van Den Broeck, W., Pedersen, K., Dewulf, J., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2007). Quantification of gut lesions in a subclinical necrotic enteritis model. Avian Pathology, 36(5), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03079450701589118.
Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Li, A., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Yun, T., Qiu, L., & Yin, Y. (2015). Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on antioxidant functions, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology in broilers. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079592.
Keyburn, A. L., Sheedy, S. A., Ford, M. E., Williamson, M. M., Awad, M. M., Rood, J. I., & Moore, R. J. (2006). Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is not an essential virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in chickens. Infection and Immunity, 74(11), 6496-6500. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1128/iai.00806-06.
Khodary, M., el-Deen, N., & el-Deen, I. (2019). Effect of experimental Clostridium perfringens infection on some immunological, hematological and biochemical values in Broiler chickens. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 47, 222-233. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.21608/zvjz.2019.12216.1036.
Klein, R., Nagy, O., Tóthová, C., & Chovanová, F. (2020). Clinical and Diagnostic Significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Its Isoenzymes in Animals. Veterinary Medicine International, 2020, 5346483. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2020/5346483.
Lovland, A., & Kaldhusdal, M. (2001). Severely impaired production performance in broiler flocks with high incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated hepatitis. Avian Pathology, 30(1), 73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450020023230.
Olkowski, A. A., Wojnarowicz, C., Chirino-Trejo, M., & Drew, M. D. (2006). Responses of broiler chickens orally challenged with Clostridium perfringens isolated from field cases of necrotic enteritis. Research in Veterinary Science, 81(1), 99-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.006.
Prescott, J. F. (2016). Brief description of animal pathogenic Clostridia. Ames, Iowa, John Wiley and Sons, 13-19.
Shojadoost, B., Vince, A., & Prescott, J. (2012). The successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by Clostridium perfringens: A critical review. Veterinary Research, 43, 74. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1297-9716-43-74.
Tian, X., Li, J., Liu, S., Dong, Q., Fu, Y., Luo, R., Sun, Y., Guo, L., Lu, Q., Ye, C., Liu, J., Fu, S., & Qiu, Y. (2024). Anemoside B4 attenuates necrotic enteritis of laying hens induced by Clostridium perfringens via inhibiting NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Heliyon, 10(12), e33161. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33161.
Timbermont, L., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2011). Necrotic enteritis in broilers: An updated review on the pathogenesis. Avian Pathology, 40(4), 341-347. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03079457.2011.590967.
Uzal, F. A., Vidal, J. E., McClane, B. A., & Gurjar, A. A. (2010). Clostridium perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases. Open Toxinology Journal, 2, 24-42.
Van Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Pasmans, F., Huyghebaert, G., Haesebrouck, F., & Ducatelle, R. (2004). Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathology, 33(6), 537-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450400013162.
Van Immerseel, F., Rood, J. I., Moore, R. J., & Titball, R. W. (2009). Rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Trends in Microbiology, 17(1), 32-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.005.
Wu, S. B., Stanley, D., Rodgers, N., Swick, R. A., & Moore, R. J. (2014). Two necrotic enteritis predisposing factors, dietary fishmeal and Eimeria infection, induce large changes in the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 169(3-4), 188-197. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.007.
Zekarias, B., Mo, H. & Curtiss, R. (2008). Recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens induces protective responses against necrotic enteritis in chickens. Infection and Immunity, 76(7), 3256-3263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00015-08.
Abdul Basit, M., Abdul Kadir, A., Loh, T. C., Abdul Aziz, S., Salleh, A., Kaka, U., & Banke Idris, S. (2020). Effects of Inclusion of Different Doses of Persicaria odorata Leaf Meal (POLM) in Broiler Chicken Feed on Biochemical and Haematological Blood Indicators and Liver Histomorphological Changes. Animals (Basel), 10(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071209.
Almremdhy, H. A. A., Neamha, G. A. K., Al-Hilli, Z. B., & Awadh, R. J. (2024). Pathological, hematological, and biochemical alteration in broiler chickens infected with mycotoxin in Babylon province. Open Veterinary Journal, 14(11), 2848-2859. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.13.
Bancroft, J. D., & Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques: Churchill Livingstone.
Chaturvedani, A., Jaiswal, S., & Raza, M. (2017). Effect of Thermal Stress on Serum Biochemical and Haematological Parameters in Broiler Chicken. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.21887/ijvsbt.v12i3.7082.
Cooper, K. K. & Songer, J. G. (2009). Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a paradigm of enteric infection by Clostridium perfringens type A. Anaerobe, 15(1-2), 55-60. Doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.01.006.
Cooper, K. K., Songer, J. G., & Uzal, F. A. (2013). Diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25(3), 314-327. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1040638713483468.
Gharib-Naseri, K., Kheravii, S. K., Keerqin, C., Morgan, N., Swick, R. A., Choct, M., & Wu, S. B. (2019). Two different Clostridium perfringens strains produce different levels of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98(12), 6422-6432. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3382/ps/pez480.
Gholamiandehkordi, A. R., Timbermont, L., Lanckriet, A., Van Den Broeck, W., Pedersen, K., Dewulf, J., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2007). Quantification of gut lesions in a subclinical necrotic enteritis model. Avian Pathology, 36(5), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03079450701589118.
Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Li, A., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., Yun, T., Qiu, L., & Yin, Y. (2015). Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on antioxidant functions, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology in broilers. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079592.
Keyburn, A. L., Sheedy, S. A., Ford, M. E., Williamson, M. M., Awad, M. M., Rood, J. I., & Moore, R. J. (2006). Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is not an essential virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in chickens. Infection and Immunity, 74(11), 6496-6500. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1128/iai.00806-06.
Khodary, M., el-Deen, N., & el-Deen, I. (2019). Effect of experimental Clostridium perfringens infection on some immunological, hematological and biochemical values in Broiler chickens. Zagazig Veterinary Journal, 47, 222-233. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.21608/zvjz.2019.12216.1036.
Klein, R., Nagy, O., Tóthová, C., & Chovanová, F. (2020). Clinical and Diagnostic Significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Its Isoenzymes in Animals. Veterinary Medicine International, 2020, 5346483. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2020/5346483.
Lovland, A., & Kaldhusdal, M. (2001). Severely impaired production performance in broiler flocks with high incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated hepatitis. Avian Pathology, 30(1), 73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450020023230.
Olkowski, A. A., Wojnarowicz, C., Chirino-Trejo, M., & Drew, M. D. (2006). Responses of broiler chickens orally challenged with Clostridium perfringens isolated from field cases of necrotic enteritis. Research in Veterinary Science, 81(1), 99-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.006.
Prescott, J. F. (2016). Brief description of animal pathogenic Clostridia. Ames, Iowa, John Wiley and Sons, 13-19.
Shojadoost, B., Vince, A., & Prescott, J. (2012). The successful experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in chickens by Clostridium perfringens: A critical review. Veterinary Research, 43, 74. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1297-9716-43-74.
Tian, X., Li, J., Liu, S., Dong, Q., Fu, Y., Luo, R., Sun, Y., Guo, L., Lu, Q., Ye, C., Liu, J., Fu, S., & Qiu, Y. (2024). Anemoside B4 attenuates necrotic enteritis of laying hens induced by Clostridium perfringens via inhibiting NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Heliyon, 10(12), e33161. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33161.
Timbermont, L., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., & Van Immerseel, F. (2011). Necrotic enteritis in broilers: An updated review on the pathogenesis. Avian Pathology, 40(4), 341-347. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03079457.2011.590967.
Uzal, F. A., Vidal, J. E., McClane, B. A., & Gurjar, A. A. (2010). Clostridium perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases. Open Toxinology Journal, 2, 24-42.
Van Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Pasmans, F., Huyghebaert, G., Haesebrouck, F., & Ducatelle, R. (2004). Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathology, 33(6), 537-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450400013162.
Van Immerseel, F., Rood, J. I., Moore, R. J., & Titball, R. W. (2009). Rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Trends in Microbiology, 17(1), 32-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.005.
Wu, S. B., Stanley, D., Rodgers, N., Swick, R. A., & Moore, R. J. (2014). Two necrotic enteritis predisposing factors, dietary fishmeal and Eimeria infection, induce large changes in the caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 169(3-4), 188-197. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.007.
Zekarias, B., Mo, H. & Curtiss, R. (2008). Recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens induces protective responses against necrotic enteritis in chickens. Infection and Immunity, 76(7), 3256-3263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00015-08.