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Abstract
The study aimed to assess the morbidity, mortality, risk factors, and clinical signs of dogs with Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. The study was conducted on a total of 792 dogs admitted for medical examination at seven animal clinics in Hue City. Diagnosis using the immunochromatography method (CPV Ag Rapid Test) revealed that 475 out of 792 dogs (59.97%) tested positive for CPV. Risk factor analysis indicated that age, breed, care method, and vaccination status significantly influenced CPV morbidity (p < 0.05). Specifically, females showed a higher infection rate (68.22%) than males (54.40%); foreign breeds were more susceptible (72.07%) than local breeds (56.44%); and dogs kept in confinement had a higher infection rate (72.77%) than free-roaming dogs (55.59%). Unvaccinated dogs exhibited a higher morbidity rate (61.29%) compared to vaccinated ones (50.00%). Clinically, CPV-infected dogs presented typical symptoms such as fever, anorexia, vomiting, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Hematological analysis revealed significant decreases in red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts compared to uninfected dogs (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the need for effective preventive measures to reduce CPV morbidity and mortality in pet dogs in Hue City.
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How to Cite
Nguyen Van Chao & Hoang Chung. (2026). Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of canine parvovirus in dogs admitted to several animal clinics in Hue city. E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(3), 5737–5747. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v10n3y2026.1382
Section
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - VETERINARY MEDICINE - AQUACULTURE- ANIMAL SCIENCES
Copyright @ 2017-2026 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Võ Văn Hải, Trịnh Thị Bích Ngọc, Phạm Quang Hưng, Nguyễn Văn Tâm, Vũ Xuân Đăng, Bùi Trần Anh Đào và Lê Văn Phan. (2024). Giải mã và phân tích hệ gen của Parvovirus phân lập được trên chó tại một số tỉnh phía Bắc Việt Nam. Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 20(5), 614-625.
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Altman, K., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. (2017). Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure? Veterinary Microbiology, 210, 8-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019.
Bonagura, J. D., & Twedt, D. C. (2008). Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Doan, H. T. T., Le, X. T. K., Do, R. T., Nguyen, K. T., & Le, T. H. (2021). Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Archives Virology, 166(6), 1741-1749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1.
Goddard, A., Leisewitz, A., Christopher, M., Duncan, N., & Becker, P. (2008). Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis. Journal of Veterianry Internal Medicine, 22(2), 309-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0073.x.
Harbison, C. E., Lyi, S. M., Weichert, W. S., & Parrish, C. R. (2009). Early steps in cell infection by Parvoviruses: host-specific differences in cell receptor binding but similar endosomal trafficking. Journal of Virology, 83(20), 10504-10514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00295-09.
Huong, T. T. D., Xuyen, T. K. L., Roan, T. D., Khue, T. N., & Thanh, H. L. (2021). Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Archives of Virology, 166(6), 1741-1749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1.
Inthong, N., Kaewmongkol, S., Meekhanon, N., Sirinarumitr, K., & Sirinarumitr, T. (2020). Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand. Veterinary World, 13(2), 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.245-255.
Iris, K., Leontides, L. S., Mylonakis, M. E., Adamama-Moraitou, K., Rallis, T., & Koutinas, A. F. (2010). Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Research in Veterinary Science, 89(2), 174-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013.
Kalli, I., Leontides, L. S., Mylonakis, M. E., Adamama-Moraitou, K., Rallis, T., & Koutinas, A. F. (2010). Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Research in veterinary science, 89(2), 174-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013.
Licitra, B. N., Whittaker, G. R., Dubovi, E. J., & Duhamel, G. E. (2014). Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States. Journal of clinical microbiology, 52(12), 4230-4238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02158-14.
Ling, M., Norris, J. M., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. P. (2012). Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia. Veterinary Microbiology, 158(3), 280-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.034.
Miranda, C., Parrish, C. R., & Thompson, G. (2016). Epidemiological evolution of canine parvovirus in the Portuguese domestic dog population. Veterinary Microbiology, 183, 37-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.037.
Miranda, C. & Thompson, G. (2016). Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants. Journal General Virology, 97(9), 2043-2057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000540.
Mishra, A., Singh, B., Gupta, D. K., Jain, S., & Gattani, A. (2025). Canine Parvovirus Infection: Clinical, Haemato-Biochemical and Oxidative Stress Profiles. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology, 21(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35705.29285.
Mochizuki, M., Ohshima, T., Une, Y., & Yachi, A. (2008). Recombination between vaccine and field strains of canine parvovirus is revealed by isolation of virus in canine and feline cell cultures. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 70(12), 1305-1314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.1305.
Moon, B. Y., Jang, J., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. H., Lee, H. K., So, B., Park, C. K., & Lee, K. K. (2020). Genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c from domestic dogs in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(4), 1645-1653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13501.
Mylonakis, M. E., Kalli, I., & Rallis, T. S. (2016). Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Veterinary Medicine (Auckland), 7, 91-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.s80971.
Nandi, S., Kumar, M., Mahapatra, T. K., & Ravishankar, C. (2013). Emergence of Canine Parvovirus – 2 variants and its impact on vaccination. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23, 1366-1376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.10.1823.
Nicola, D., & Buonavoglia, C. (2012). Canine parvovirus--a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Veterinary Microbiology, 155(1), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.007.
Nicola, D., Desario, C., Elia, G., Martella, V., Mari, V., Lavazza, A., Nardi, M., & Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Evidence for immunisation failure in vaccinated adult dogs infected with canine parvovirus type 2c. Microbiologica-Quarterly Journal of Microbiological Sciences, 31(1), 125-130. DOI: https://doi.org/18437851
Parker, J. S., & Parrish, C. R. (1997). Canine parvovirus host range is determined by the specific conformation of an additional region of the capsid. Journal of Virology, 71(12), 9214-9222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.12.9214-9222.1997.
Parrish, C. R., & Sykes, J. E. (2021). Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier: 341-351.
Qi, S., Zhao, J., Guo, D., & Sun, D. (2020). A mini-review on the epidemiology of Canine parvovirus in China. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00005.
Sayed-Ahmed, M. Z., Elbaz, E., Younis, E., & Khodier, M. (2020). Canine parvovirus infection in dogs: Prevalence and associated risk factors in Egypt. World's Veterinary Journal, 10(4), 571-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj68.
Sumonn, N., & Manoj, K. (2010). Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian Journal of Virology, 21(1), 31-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-010-0007-y.
Sykes, J. E. (2013). Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. Canine and feline infectious diseases, 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00014-4.
Welton, M., Hadden, H., Herron, M. E., & Winston, J. A. (2025). Clinical effects of Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody treatment in naturally occurring parvovirus infection in sheltered dogs. Journal of Shelter Medicine and Community Animal Health, 4(S1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.56771/jsmcah.v4.141.
Wilkes, R. P., Lee, P. Y., Tsai, Y. L., Tsai, C. F., Chang, H. H., Chang, H. F., & Wang, H. T. (2015). An insulated isothermal PCR method on a field-deployable device for rapid and sensitive detection of Canine parvovirus type 2 at points of need. Journal of Virological Methods, 220, 35-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.007.
Zhou, H., Cui, K., Su, X., Zhang, H., Xiao, B., Li, S., & Yang, B. (2024). Overview of recent advances in Canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 13(1), 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010047.
Nguyễn Thị Yến Mai, Trần Văn Thanh, Trần Ngọc Bích, Nguyễn Phúc Khánh và Keovongphet Phuthavong. (2018). Tình hình bệnh viêm ruột do Parvovirus trên chó tại các phòng mạch thú y tỉnh Tiền Giang, Đồng Tháp và Thành phố Cần Thơ. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Cần Thơ, 54(CĐ Nông nghiệp), 136-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jsi.2018.075 .
Keovongphet Phuthavong, Trần Văn Thanh, Nguyễn Thị Yến Mai, Trần Ngọc Bích và Trần Thị Thảo. (2018). Khảo sát bệnh viêm ruột do Parvovirus gây ra trên chó tại Bệnh xá Thú y Trường Đại học Cần Thơ. Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Cần Thơ, 54(Chuyên đề Nông nghiệp), 51-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jsi.2018.065 .
Võ Văn Hải, Trịnh Thị Bích Ngọc, Phạm Quang Hưng, Nguyễn Văn Tâm, Vũ Xuân Đăng, Bùi Trần Anh Đào và Lê Văn Phan. (2024). Giải mã và phân tích hệ gen của Parvovirus phân lập được trên chó tại một số tỉnh phía Bắc Việt Nam. Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, 20(5), 614-625.
Agbandje, M., McKenna, R., Rossmann, M. G., Strassheim, M. L., & Parrish, C. R. (1993). Structure determination of feline panleukopenia virus empty particles. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 16(2), 155-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.340160204.
Altman, K., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. (2017). Are vaccine strain, type or administration protocol risk factors for canine parvovirus vaccine failure? Veterinary Microbiology, 210, 8-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019.
Bonagura, J. D., & Twedt, D. C. (2008). Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIV-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Doan, H. T. T., Le, X. T. K., Do, R. T., Nguyen, K. T., & Le, T. H. (2021). Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Archives Virology, 166(6), 1741-1749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1.
Goddard, A., Leisewitz, A., Christopher, M., Duncan, N., & Becker, P. (2008). Prognostic usefulness of blood leukocyte changes in canine parvoviral enteritis. Journal of Veterianry Internal Medicine, 22(2), 309-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0073.x.
Harbison, C. E., Lyi, S. M., Weichert, W. S., & Parrish, C. R. (2009). Early steps in cell infection by Parvoviruses: host-specific differences in cell receptor binding but similar endosomal trafficking. Journal of Virology, 83(20), 10504-10514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00295-09.
Huong, T. T. D., Xuyen, T. K. L., Roan, T. D., Khue, T. N., & Thanh, H. L. (2021). Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Archives of Virology, 166(6), 1741-1749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1.
Inthong, N., Kaewmongkol, S., Meekhanon, N., Sirinarumitr, K., & Sirinarumitr, T. (2020). Dynamic evolution of canine parvovirus in Thailand. Veterinary World, 13(2), 245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.245-255.
Iris, K., Leontides, L. S., Mylonakis, M. E., Adamama-Moraitou, K., Rallis, T., & Koutinas, A. F. (2010). Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Research in Veterinary Science, 89(2), 174-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013.
Kalli, I., Leontides, L. S., Mylonakis, M. E., Adamama-Moraitou, K., Rallis, T., & Koutinas, A. F. (2010). Factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection. Research in veterinary science, 89(2), 174-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.02.013.
Licitra, B. N., Whittaker, G. R., Dubovi, E. J., & Duhamel, G. E. (2014). Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States. Journal of clinical microbiology, 52(12), 4230-4238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02158-14.
Ling, M., Norris, J. M., Kelman, M., & Ward, M. P. (2012). Risk factors for death from canine parvoviral-related disease in Australia. Veterinary Microbiology, 158(3), 280-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.034.
Miranda, C., Parrish, C. R., & Thompson, G. (2016). Epidemiological evolution of canine parvovirus in the Portuguese domestic dog population. Veterinary Microbiology, 183, 37-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.037.
Miranda, C. & Thompson, G. (2016). Canine parvovirus: the worldwide occurrence of antigenic variants. Journal General Virology, 97(9), 2043-2057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000540.
Mishra, A., Singh, B., Gupta, D. K., Jain, S., & Gattani, A. (2025). Canine Parvovirus Infection: Clinical, Haemato-Biochemical and Oxidative Stress Profiles. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology, 21(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35705.29285.
Mochizuki, M., Ohshima, T., Une, Y., & Yachi, A. (2008). Recombination between vaccine and field strains of canine parvovirus is revealed by isolation of virus in canine and feline cell cultures. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 70(12), 1305-1314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.70.1305.
Moon, B. Y., Jang, J., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. H., Lee, H. K., So, B., Park, C. K., & Lee, K. K. (2020). Genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c from domestic dogs in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(4), 1645-1653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13501.
Mylonakis, M. E., Kalli, I., & Rallis, T. S. (2016). Canine parvoviral enteritis: an update on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Veterinary Medicine (Auckland), 7, 91-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.s80971.
Nandi, S., Kumar, M., Mahapatra, T. K., & Ravishankar, C. (2013). Emergence of Canine Parvovirus – 2 variants and its impact on vaccination. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23, 1366-1376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.23.10.1823.
Nicola, D., & Buonavoglia, C. (2012). Canine parvovirus--a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c. Veterinary Microbiology, 155(1), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.007.
Nicola, D., Desario, C., Elia, G., Martella, V., Mari, V., Lavazza, A., Nardi, M., & Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Evidence for immunisation failure in vaccinated adult dogs infected with canine parvovirus type 2c. Microbiologica-Quarterly Journal of Microbiological Sciences, 31(1), 125-130. DOI: https://doi.org/18437851
Parker, J. S., & Parrish, C. R. (1997). Canine parvovirus host range is determined by the specific conformation of an additional region of the capsid. Journal of Virology, 71(12), 9214-9222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.12.9214-9222.1997.
Parrish, C. R., & Sykes, J. E. (2021). Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. Greene's Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier: 341-351.
Qi, S., Zhao, J., Guo, D., & Sun, D. (2020). A mini-review on the epidemiology of Canine parvovirus in China. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00005.
Sayed-Ahmed, M. Z., Elbaz, E., Younis, E., & Khodier, M. (2020). Canine parvovirus infection in dogs: Prevalence and associated risk factors in Egypt. World's Veterinary Journal, 10(4), 571-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj68.
Sumonn, N., & Manoj, K. (2010). Canine parvovirus: current perspective. Indian Journal of Virology, 21(1), 31-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-010-0007-y.
Sykes, J. E. (2013). Canine parvovirus infections and other viral enteritides. Canine and feline infectious diseases, 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0795-3.00014-4.
Welton, M., Hadden, H., Herron, M. E., & Winston, J. A. (2025). Clinical effects of Canine Parvovirus Monoclonal Antibody treatment in naturally occurring parvovirus infection in sheltered dogs. Journal of Shelter Medicine and Community Animal Health, 4(S1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.56771/jsmcah.v4.141.
Wilkes, R. P., Lee, P. Y., Tsai, Y. L., Tsai, C. F., Chang, H. H., Chang, H. F., & Wang, H. T. (2015). An insulated isothermal PCR method on a field-deployable device for rapid and sensitive detection of Canine parvovirus type 2 at points of need. Journal of Virological Methods, 220, 35-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.007.
Zhou, H., Cui, K., Su, X., Zhang, H., Xiao, B., Li, S., & Yang, B. (2024). Overview of recent advances in Canine parvovirus research: current status and future perspectives. Microorganisms, 13(1), 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010047.