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Abstract
Growth traits are considered as one of the most economically important traits that impact production efficiency, while meat tenderness is the most important factor determining the consumer’s acceptability. Over the past decades, molecular markers have been widely used in animal breeding programs to improve these traits. The previous studies have shown that the single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion/deletion variants in the PLAG1 gene were associated with growth traits, whereas the genetic variants in the CAST gene were involved in beef tenderness. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the polymorphisms of PLAG1 and CAST genes by using PCR and PCR-RFLP in Yellow cattle raised in An Giang province. The results showed that the PLAG1 and CAST genes were polymorphic in observed cattle population. The allele frequencies of W and D in the PLAG1 gene are 0.09 and 0.91, respectively, while the allele frequencies of A and G in the CAST gene are 0.39 and 0.61, respectively. The W and A alleles have previously been reported to be associated with growth traits and meat tenderness, consequently, their presence may have potential applications in the selection and breeding of Yellow cattle in An Giang province for improved growth performance and meat tenderness.
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How to Cite
Le Nu Anh Thu & Nguyen Ba Trung. (2026). Investigation of genetic polymorphisms of PLAG1 and CAST genes in yellow cattle raised in An Giang province. E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(3), 5748–5756. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v10n3y2026.1385
Section
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - VETERINARY MEDICINE - AQUACULTURE- ANIMAL SCIENCES
Copyright @ 2017-2026 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., & Davis, R. W. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American journal of human genetics, 32(3), 314–331.
Geletu, U. S., Usmael, M. A., Mummed, Y. Y., & Ibrahim, A. M. (2021). Quality of Cattle Meat and Its Compositional Constituents. Veterinary medicine international, 2021, 7340495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7340495
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Juszczuk-Kubiak, E., Wyszyńska-Koko, J., Wicińska, K., & Rosochacki, S. (2008). A novel polymorphisms in intron 12 of the bovine calpastatin gene. Molecular biology reports, 35(1), 29–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-006-9048-0
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Li, J., Zhang, L., Gan, Q., Li, J., Gao, H., Yuan, Z., Gao, X., Chen, J., & Xu, S. (2010). Association of CAST Gene Polymorphisms with Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Chinese Commercial Cattle Herds. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 23, 1405-1411.
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Maltin, C., Balcerzak, D., Tilley, R., & Delday, M. (2003). Determinants of meat quality: tenderness. Proceedings of the nutrition society, 62(2), 337–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003248.
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Morris, C. A., Cullen, N. G., Hickey, S. M., Dobbie, P. M., Veenvliet, B. A., Manley, T. R., Pitchford, W. S., Kruk, Z. A., Bottema, C. D., & Wilson, T. (2006). Genotypic effects of calpain 1 and calpastatin on the tenderness of cooked M. longissimus dorsi steaks from Jersey x Limousin, Angus and Hereford-cross cattle. Animal genetics, 37(4), 411–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01483.x.
Nagy, S., Poczai, P., Cernák, I. & János, T. (2012). PICcalc: An Online Program to Calculate Polymorphic Information Content for Molecular Genetic Studies. Biochemical Genetics, 50, 670–672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-012-9509-1
Nei, M. (1978). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, 512 pp
OECD/FAO (2025), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034, OECD Publishing, Paris/FAO, Rome. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/601276cd-en.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., & Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
Wright, S. A., Ramos, P., Johnson, D. D., Scheffler, J. M., Elzo, M. A., Mateescu, R. G., Bass, A. L., Carr, C. C., & Scheffler, T. L. (2018). Brahman genetics influence muscle fiber properties, protein degradation, and tenderness in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd. Meat science, 135, 84–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.09.006.
Xu, W., He, H., Zheng, L., Xu, J. W., Lei, C. Z., Zhang, G. M., Dang, R. H., Niu, H., Qi, X. L., Chen, H., & Huang, Y. Z. (2018). Detection of 19-bp deletion within PLAG1 gene and its effect on growth traits in cattle. Gene, 675, 144–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.041.
Zalewska, M., Puppel, K., & Sakowski, T. (2021). Associations between gene polymorphisms and selected meat traits in cattle - A review. Animal bioscience, 34(9), 1425–1438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0672.
Zhou, Z., Huang, B., Lai, Z., Li, S., Wu, F., Qu, K., Jia, Y., Hou, J., Liu, J., Lei, C., & Dang, R. (2019). The Distribution Characteristics of a 19-bp Indel of the PLAG1 Gene in Chinese Cattle. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 9(12), 1082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121082.
Bai, Y., Hou, C., Huang, C., Fang, F., Dong, Y., Li, X., & Zhang, D. (2023). Phosphorylation of Calpastatin Negatively Regulates the Activity of Calpain. Life, 13(3), 854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030854.
Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., & Davis, R. W. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American journal of human genetics, 32(3), 314–331.
Geletu, U. S., Usmael, M. A., Mummed, Y. Y., & Ibrahim, A. M. (2021). Quality of Cattle Meat and Its Compositional Constituents. Veterinary medicine international, 2021, 7340495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7340495
Hou, J., Qu, K., Jia, P., Hanif, Q., Zhang, J., Chen, N., Dang, R., Chen, H., Huang, B., & Lei, C. (2020). A SNP in PLAG1 is associated with body height trait in Chinese cattle. Animal genetics, 51(1), 87–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12872.
Juszczuk-Kubiak, E., Wyszyńska-Koko, J., Wicińska, K., & Rosochacki, S. (2008). A novel polymorphisms in intron 12 of the bovine calpastatin gene. Molecular biology reports, 35(1), 29–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-006-9048-0
Kostusiak, P., Slósarz, J., Gołębiewski, M., Grodkowski, G., & Puppel, K. (2023). Polymorphism of Genes and Their Impact on Beef Quality. Current issues in molecular biology, 45(6), 4749-4762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45060302
Le, T. N. A., Vu, H. V., Okuda, Y., Duong, H. T., Nguyen, T. B., Nguyen, V. H., Le, P. D., & Kunieda, T. (2018). Genetic characterization of Vietnamese Yellow cattle using mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal haplotypes and genes associated with economical traits. Animal Science Journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho, 89(12), 1641–1647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13099.
Le, T. N. A., Duong, H. T., Le, P. T. L., Nguyen, T. T., Phan, T. T. D., Le, P. D., & Nguyen, V. H. (2024). Genetic diversity and polymorphism of genes associated with meat quality and growth traits of A Luoi Yellow cattle in Vietnam. Veterinary world, 17(10), 2295–2303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2295-2303.
Littlejohn, M., Grala, T., Sanders, K., Walker, C., Waghorn, G., Macdonald, K., Coppieters, W., Georges, M., Spelman, R., Hillerton, E., Davis, S., & Snell, R. (2012). Genetic variation in PLAG1 associates with early life body weight and peripubertal weight and growth in Bos taurus. Animal genetics, 43(5), 591–594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02293.x.
Li, J., Zhang, L., Gan, Q., Li, J., Gao, H., Yuan, Z., Gao, X., Chen, J., & Xu, S. (2010). Association of CAST Gene Polymorphisms with Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Chinese Commercial Cattle Herds. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 23, 1405-1411.
Liu, J., Ellies-Oury, M.-P., Stoyanchev, T., & Hocquette, J.-F. (2022). Consumer Perception of Beef Quality and How to Control, Improve and Predict It? Focus on Eating Quality. Foods, 11(12), 1732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11121732.
Maltin, C., Balcerzak, D., Tilley, R., & Delday, M. (2003). Determinants of meat quality: tenderness. Proceedings of the nutrition society, 62(2), 337–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003248.
Miller, R. (2020). Drivers of Consumer Liking for Beef, Pork, and Lamb: A Review. Foods, 9(4), 428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040428.
Morris, C. A., Cullen, N. G., Hickey, S. M., Dobbie, P. M., Veenvliet, B. A., Manley, T. R., Pitchford, W. S., Kruk, Z. A., Bottema, C. D., & Wilson, T. (2006). Genotypic effects of calpain 1 and calpastatin on the tenderness of cooked M. longissimus dorsi steaks from Jersey x Limousin, Angus and Hereford-cross cattle. Animal genetics, 37(4), 411–414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01483.x.
Nagy, S., Poczai, P., Cernák, I. & János, T. (2012). PICcalc: An Online Program to Calculate Polymorphic Information Content for Molecular Genetic Studies. Biochemical Genetics, 50, 670–672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-012-9509-1
Nei, M. (1978). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, 512 pp
OECD/FAO (2025), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2025-2034, OECD Publishing, Paris/FAO, Rome. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/601276cd-en.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., & Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
Wright, S. A., Ramos, P., Johnson, D. D., Scheffler, J. M., Elzo, M. A., Mateescu, R. G., Bass, A. L., Carr, C. C., & Scheffler, T. L. (2018). Brahman genetics influence muscle fiber properties, protein degradation, and tenderness in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd. Meat science, 135, 84–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.09.006.
Xu, W., He, H., Zheng, L., Xu, J. W., Lei, C. Z., Zhang, G. M., Dang, R. H., Niu, H., Qi, X. L., Chen, H., & Huang, Y. Z. (2018). Detection of 19-bp deletion within PLAG1 gene and its effect on growth traits in cattle. Gene, 675, 144–149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.041.
Zalewska, M., Puppel, K., & Sakowski, T. (2021). Associations between gene polymorphisms and selected meat traits in cattle - A review. Animal bioscience, 34(9), 1425–1438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0672.
Zhou, Z., Huang, B., Lai, Z., Li, S., Wu, F., Qu, K., Jia, Y., Hou, J., Liu, J., Lei, C., & Dang, R. (2019). The Distribution Characteristics of a 19-bp Indel of the PLAG1 Gene in Chinese Cattle. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 9(12), 1082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121082.