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Abstract
Organic fertilizers play a crucial role in promoting safe and sustainable agricultural practices. Therefore, this current investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of combining inorganic and bio-organic fertilizers (BOF) on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The research was conducted at the experimental farm of Tra Vinh University from September 2023 to June 2024. In this research, the bio-organic fertilizer was produced by supplementing agricultural by-products with the fungal strain Trichoderma reesei CN4 VR11 and the bacterial strain Bacillus TC8-RL23. Five treatments, including different ratios ranging from 100% inorganic fertilizer to 100% BOF, were applied over two cropping seasons. Soil parameter analyses revealed that the treatments supplemented with BOF significantly increased organic matter content, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus compared to the control treatment (100% inorganic fertilizer). Furthermore, the findings also demonstrated statistically significant differences in leaf size, number of leaves, and plant height among the treatments and between the two cropping seasons. Notably, the treatment combining 50% inorganic fertilizer and 50% BOF yielded the highest water spinach production in the second crop. The findings support the potential of using BOF in water spinach cultivation to enhance yield, improve soil fertility, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, thereby promoting the transition toward organic agriculture.
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How to Cite
Nguyen Phuong Thuy & Vuong Tan Phong. (2025). Evaluating the effectiveness of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea Aquatica) . E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9(3), 5075–5085. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v9n3y2025.1269
Section
PLANTS
Copyright @ 2017-2025 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Atieno, M., Herrmann, L., Nguyen, H.T., Phan, H.T., Nguyen, N.K., Srean, P., Than, M.M., Zhiyong, R., Tittabutr, P., Shutsrirung, A., & Bräu, L. (2020). Assessment of biofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture in the Great Mekong Region. Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111300. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111300.
Bashir, K.A., Muhammad, A.Y., Muhammad, A., & Sada, S.M. (2022). Comparing the efficacy of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant. Journal of Agricultural Research, Pesticides and Biofertilizers, 3(3), 1-5. DOI: 01.2022/1.1058.
Francioli, D., Schulz, E., Lentendu, G., Wubet, T., Buscot, F., & Reitz, T. (2016). Mineral vs. organic amendments: microbial community structure, activity and abundance of agriculturally relevant microbes are driven by long-term fertilization strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1446. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01446.
Gupta, A., Yadav, N., & Verma, S. (2019). Nutritional evaluation of value added products incorporated with underutilized water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves. Acta Horticulturae, 1241, 549-554. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1241.81.
Hija, M.F., Junus, M., & Kamaliyah, S.N. (2021). Effect of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of maize plant (Zea mays L.). International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 6(2), 127-129.
Jamaludin, A.F., Tajudin, N.S., Shahari, R., Amri, C.N., Zulkifli, M., & Jamaludin, M.A. (2021). Effectiveness of organic and inorganic fertilizer in enhancing growth of Ipomoea aquatica (Water spinach) in two different types of soil. Tropical Agrobiodiversity (TRAB), 2(1), 45-50. DOI: 10.26480/trab.01.2021.45.50.
Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Manuel, D.B., De Beeck, M.O., Shahbaz, M., Chen, Y., Deng, X., Xu, Z., Li, J., & Liu, Z. (2022). Rotation cropping and organic fertilizer jointly promote soil health and crop production. Journal of Environmental Management, 315, 115190. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115190.
Joshi, P., Kumari, A., Chauhan, A.K., & Singh, M. (2021). Development of water spinach powder and its characterization. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58, 3533-3539. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05058-9.
Kumar, S., Bauddh, K., Barman, S.C., & Singh, R.P. (2014). Amendments of microbial biofertilizers and organic substances reduces requirement of urea and DAP with enhanced nutrient availability and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ecological Engineering, 71, 432-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.007.
Khalil, N.H., & Agah, R.J. (2017). Effect of chemical, organic and bio fertilization on growth and yield of strawberry plant. International Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering and Biological Sciences, 4(1), 5. DOI: 10.15242/IJACEBS.ER0117012.
Lanna, N.B., Silva, P.N., Colombari, L.F., Corrêa, C.V., & Cardoso, A.I. (2018). Residual effect of organic fertilization on radish production. Horticultura Brasileira, 36(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-053620180108.
Lina, S.B., Maranguit, D.S., Asio, V.B., Sabijon, J.R., Demain, K.L., & Bolledo, A.B. (2014). Growth performance of corn as influenced by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in a marginal upland soil. Annals of Tropical Research, 36(2), 16-29. DOI: 10.32945/atr36s2.2014.
Machado, R.M., Alves-Pereira, I., Lourenço, D., & Ferreira, R.M. (2020). Effect of organic compost and inorganic nitrogen fertigation on spinach growth, phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant activity. Heliyon, 6(9), e05085. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05085.
Martin, A.R., Mariani, R.O., Dörr de Quadros, P., & Fulthorpe, R.R. (2022). The influence of biofertilizers on leaf economics spectrum traits in a herbaceous crop. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73(22), 7552-7563. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac373.
Martinez, D.A., Loening, U.E., Graham, M.C., & Gathorne-Hardy, A. (2021). When the Medicine Feeds the Problem; Do Nitrogen Fertilisers and Pesticides Enhance the Nutritional Quality of Crops for Their Pests and Pathogens? Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 701310. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701310.
Mary, J.A., & Nithiya, T. (2015). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Solanum nigrum L. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5), 808-822.
Noor, N.M., Ropi, N.A., & Leong, H.Y. (2022). Effects of organic, inorganic and compound fertilizer on growth and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) under polyculture condition. Journal of Agrobiotechnology, 13(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.37231/jab.2022.13.1.247.
Nga, B.T., Dat, N.V. (2014). Effects of using sewage sludge compost in growing lettuces (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) in the suburban area of Can Tho City. Can Tho University Journal of Science,33(2014), 92-100.
Panday, D., Bhusal, N., Das, S., & Ghalehgolabbehbahani, A. (2024). Rooted in nature: The rise, challenges, and potential of organic farming and fertilizers in agroecosystems. Sustainability, 16(4), 1530. DOI: 10.3390/su16041530.
Paramesh, V., Mohan Kumar, R., Rajanna, G.A., Gowda, S., Nath, A.J., Madival, Y., Jinger, D., Bhat, S., & Toraskar, S. (2023). Integrated nutrient management for improving crop yields, soil properties, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1173258. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1173258.
Patel, P.K., & Prasad, R. (2022). Studies on effect of different organic manures and biofertilizers on plant growth, green leaf yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cv. Hisar Suvarna. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 145-148. DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJAS/18.1/145-148.
Pohan, S.D. (2021). The effect of organic fertilizers on growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir). JERAMI: Indonesian Journal of Crop Science, 3(2), 37-44.
Rabbani, M. (2023). Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth of Chili Plants: a Comparative Analysis. Cakrawala Repositori IMWI, 6(2), 1093-1100. DOI: 10.52851/cakrawala.v6i2.310.
Roba, T.B. (2018). Review on: The effect of mixing organic and inorganic fertilizer on productivity and soil fertility. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4618. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104618.
Roy, S., Zilani, M.N., Alrashada, Y.N., Islam, M.M., Akhe, F.K., Uddin, S.J., & Sarower, M.G. (2022). Profiling of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aquatic weed Ipomoea aquatica. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(5), 425-435. DOI: 10.1002/aff2.56.
Setiawati, M.R., Aini, H.F., Suryatmana, P., & Hindersah, R. (2019). Application of inorganic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on chlorophyll content, pH, and leaves number of pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) in hydroponics. International Journal of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Research, 4(04), 269-278. DOI: 10.35410/IJAEB.2019.4423.
Shahwar, D., Mushtaq, Z., Mushtaq, H., Alqarawi, A.A., Park, Y., Alshahrani, T.S., & Faizan, S. (2023). Role of microbial inoculants as bio fertilizers for improving crop productivity: A review. Heliyon, 9(6), e16134. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16134.
Shaji, H., Chandran, V., & Mathew, L. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In: Controlled release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture Academic Press. pp. 231-245.
Vishvkarma, D., Lekhi, R., Singh, K.V., & Mandloi, V. (2020). Effect of bio-fertilizers with levels of fertilizer on yield attributes and economic of onion bulb. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(6), 2296-2299.
Assefa, S., & Tadesse, S. (2019). The principal role of organic fertilizer on soil properties and agricultural productivity-a review. Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal, 22(2), 556192. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556192.
Atieno, M., Herrmann, L., Nguyen, H.T., Phan, H.T., Nguyen, N.K., Srean, P., Than, M.M., Zhiyong, R., Tittabutr, P., Shutsrirung, A., & Bräu, L. (2020). Assessment of biofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture in the Great Mekong Region. Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111300. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111300.
Bashir, K.A., Muhammad, A.Y., Muhammad, A., & Sada, S.M. (2022). Comparing the efficacy of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant. Journal of Agricultural Research, Pesticides and Biofertilizers, 3(3), 1-5. DOI: 01.2022/1.1058.
Francioli, D., Schulz, E., Lentendu, G., Wubet, T., Buscot, F., & Reitz, T. (2016). Mineral vs. organic amendments: microbial community structure, activity and abundance of agriculturally relevant microbes are driven by long-term fertilization strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1446. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01446.
Gupta, A., Yadav, N., & Verma, S. (2019). Nutritional evaluation of value added products incorporated with underutilized water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves. Acta Horticulturae, 1241, 549-554. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1241.81.
Hija, M.F., Junus, M., & Kamaliyah, S.N. (2021). Effect of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of maize plant (Zea mays L.). International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 6(2), 127-129.
Jamaludin, A.F., Tajudin, N.S., Shahari, R., Amri, C.N., Zulkifli, M., & Jamaludin, M.A. (2021). Effectiveness of organic and inorganic fertilizer in enhancing growth of Ipomoea aquatica (Water spinach) in two different types of soil. Tropical Agrobiodiversity (TRAB), 2(1), 45-50. DOI: 10.26480/trab.01.2021.45.50.
Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Manuel, D.B., De Beeck, M.O., Shahbaz, M., Chen, Y., Deng, X., Xu, Z., Li, J., & Liu, Z. (2022). Rotation cropping and organic fertilizer jointly promote soil health and crop production. Journal of Environmental Management, 315, 115190. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115190.
Joshi, P., Kumari, A., Chauhan, A.K., & Singh, M. (2021). Development of water spinach powder and its characterization. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58, 3533-3539. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05058-9.
Kumar, S., Bauddh, K., Barman, S.C., & Singh, R.P. (2014). Amendments of microbial biofertilizers and organic substances reduces requirement of urea and DAP with enhanced nutrient availability and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ecological Engineering, 71, 432-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07.007.
Khalil, N.H., & Agah, R.J. (2017). Effect of chemical, organic and bio fertilization on growth and yield of strawberry plant. International Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering and Biological Sciences, 4(1), 5. DOI: 10.15242/IJACEBS.ER0117012.
Lanna, N.B., Silva, P.N., Colombari, L.F., Corrêa, C.V., & Cardoso, A.I. (2018). Residual effect of organic fertilization on radish production. Horticultura Brasileira, 36(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-053620180108.
Lina, S.B., Maranguit, D.S., Asio, V.B., Sabijon, J.R., Demain, K.L., & Bolledo, A.B. (2014). Growth performance of corn as influenced by the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in a marginal upland soil. Annals of Tropical Research, 36(2), 16-29. DOI: 10.32945/atr36s2.2014.
Machado, R.M., Alves-Pereira, I., Lourenço, D., & Ferreira, R.M. (2020). Effect of organic compost and inorganic nitrogen fertigation on spinach growth, phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant activity. Heliyon, 6(9), e05085. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05085.
Martin, A.R., Mariani, R.O., Dörr de Quadros, P., & Fulthorpe, R.R. (2022). The influence of biofertilizers on leaf economics spectrum traits in a herbaceous crop. Journal of Experimental Botany, 73(22), 7552-7563. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac373.
Martinez, D.A., Loening, U.E., Graham, M.C., & Gathorne-Hardy, A. (2021). When the Medicine Feeds the Problem; Do Nitrogen Fertilisers and Pesticides Enhance the Nutritional Quality of Crops for Their Pests and Pathogens? Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 701310. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.701310.
Mary, J.A., & Nithiya, T. (2015). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Solanum nigrum L. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5), 808-822.
Noor, N.M., Ropi, N.A., & Leong, H.Y. (2022). Effects of organic, inorganic and compound fertilizer on growth and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) under polyculture condition. Journal of Agrobiotechnology, 13(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.37231/jab.2022.13.1.247.
Nga, B.T., Dat, N.V. (2014). Effects of using sewage sludge compost in growing lettuces (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) in the suburban area of Can Tho City. Can Tho University Journal of Science,33(2014), 92-100.
Panday, D., Bhusal, N., Das, S., & Ghalehgolabbehbahani, A. (2024). Rooted in nature: The rise, challenges, and potential of organic farming and fertilizers in agroecosystems. Sustainability, 16(4), 1530. DOI: 10.3390/su16041530.
Paramesh, V., Mohan Kumar, R., Rajanna, G.A., Gowda, S., Nath, A.J., Madival, Y., Jinger, D., Bhat, S., & Toraskar, S. (2023). Integrated nutrient management for improving crop yields, soil properties, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1173258. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1173258.
Patel, P.K., & Prasad, R. (2022). Studies on effect of different organic manures and biofertilizers on plant growth, green leaf yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cv. Hisar Suvarna. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 18(1), 145-148. DOI: 10.15740/HAS/IJAS/18.1/145-148.
Pohan, S.D. (2021). The effect of organic fertilizers on growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir). JERAMI: Indonesian Journal of Crop Science, 3(2), 37-44.
Rabbani, M. (2023). Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth of Chili Plants: a Comparative Analysis. Cakrawala Repositori IMWI, 6(2), 1093-1100. DOI: 10.52851/cakrawala.v6i2.310.
Roba, T.B. (2018). Review on: The effect of mixing organic and inorganic fertilizer on productivity and soil fertility. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4618. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104618.
Roy, S., Zilani, M.N., Alrashada, Y.N., Islam, M.M., Akhe, F.K., Uddin, S.J., & Sarower, M.G. (2022). Profiling of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aquatic weed Ipomoea aquatica. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(5), 425-435. DOI: 10.1002/aff2.56.
Setiawati, M.R., Aini, H.F., Suryatmana, P., & Hindersah, R. (2019). Application of inorganic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on chlorophyll content, pH, and leaves number of pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) in hydroponics. International Journal of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Research, 4(04), 269-278. DOI: 10.35410/IJAEB.2019.4423.
Shahwar, D., Mushtaq, Z., Mushtaq, H., Alqarawi, A.A., Park, Y., Alshahrani, T.S., & Faizan, S. (2023). Role of microbial inoculants as bio fertilizers for improving crop productivity: A review. Heliyon, 9(6), e16134. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16134.
Shaji, H., Chandran, V., & Mathew, L. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients. In: Controlled release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture Academic Press. pp. 231-245.
Vishvkarma, D., Lekhi, R., Singh, K.V., & Mandloi, V. (2020). Effect of bio-fertilizers with levels of fertilizer on yield attributes and economic of onion bulb. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(6), 2296-2299.