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Abstract
Water spinach is known for its easy cultivation, short harvesting duration, and high nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of strains of purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) on the vigor of water spinach seeds. The experiment was completely randomized with the following dilution rates (no bacteria, 1:1000, 1:1500, and 1:2000) on bacterial applications of PPDW05, PPDW10, PPDW24, PPRS03, PPSE21, and PPSE31 strains, and the 6-strain mixture. The results revealed that at 1:2000 dilution rate, the single strain PPDW05, PPDW10, PPSE31, and 6-strain mixture produced the longest radicles (2.53, 2.23, 2.23, and 2.27 cm), while the strains PPDW24, PPRS03, and PPSE21 had the longest radicles (2.08, 2.06, and 1.89 cm) at the 1:1000 dilution rate. The highest shoots were obtained at 1:2000 for every strain and the 6-strain mixture. The vigor index was great for every strain, except for the PPRS03. Moreover, the improved vigor index was efficient at 1:2000 dilution rate for PPDW05 (74.4%), PPDW10 (51.8%), PPSE31 (60.9%), and the 6-strain mixture (66.4%). All PNSB strains improved the germination and vigor of water spinach radicles at 1:2000 and thereby are highly potent in applications as plant growth stimulants.
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How to Cite
Ha Ngoc Thu, Nguyen Nguyen Tran, Le Thi My Thu, Nguyen Duc Trong, Tran Trong Khoi Nguyen, Phung Thi Hang, Do Tan Khang, & Nguyen Quoc Khuong. (2025). Impacts of purple nonsulfur bacteria strains on seed vigor of water spinach. E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9(3), 5086–5096. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v9n3y2025.1291
Section
PLANTS
Copyright @ 2017-2025 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Anh, N. H., Xuan, L. N. T., Xuan, D. T., Quang, L. T. & Khuong, N. Q. (2024). Nitrogen-fixing purple nonsulfur bacteria originating from acid saline soils of a rice-shrimp farm. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 14-28.
Brahim, A. H., Ben Ali, M., Daoud, L., Jlidi, M., Akremi, I., Hmani, H., Feto, N. A., & Ben Ali, M. (2022). Biopriming of durum wheat seeds with endophytic diazotrophic bacteria enhances tolerance to Fusarium head blight and salinity. Microorganisms, 10(5), 970.
Bui, T. H., Bui, V. L., Duong, V. H., Duong, D. T., Le, N. T., Tran, D. K., Tran, V. K., Ha, T. T. L., Phan, G. T. T., Tran, V. H., Hoang, V. K., & Tran, H. N. (2024). Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk) under flooded and unflooded conditions in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 277, 107445.
Castiglione, A. M., Mannino, G., Contartese, V., Bertea, C. M., & Ertani, A. (2021). Microbial biostimulants as response to modern agriculture needs: Composition, role and application of these innovative products. Plants, 10(8), 1533.
Dhar, K., Venkateswarlu, K., & Megharaj, M. (2023). Anoxygenic phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria: tool for bioremediation of hazardous environmental pollutants. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(10), 283.
Divyanshu, K., Yadav, M., Shukla, V., Kumar, S., Tripathi, Y. N., & Upadhyay, R. S. (2022). Molecular identification and characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their effect on seed germination and vigour index of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 16(2), 974-984.
Ebert, A. W., & Wu, T. H. (2019). The effect of seed treatments on the germination of fresh and stored seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Journal of Horticulture, 6(254), 2376-0354.
El-Sawi, N., Gad, M. H., Al-Seeni, M. N., Younes, S., El-Ghadban, E. M., & Ali, S. S. (2017). Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Ipomoea aquatica fractions in streptozotocin induced diabetic in male rat model n. Sohag Journal of Sciences, 2(1), 9-17.
Fatima, Z., Saleemi, M., Zia, M., Sultan, T., Aslam, M., Rehman, R., & Chaudhary, M. F. (2009). Antifungal activity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolates against Rhizoctonia solani in wheat. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(2), 219-225.
Fevria, R., & Aliciafarma, S. (2021). Comparison of nutritional content of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated hydroponically and non-hydroponically. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1940 (1), 012049.
Fiodor, A., Ajijah, N., Dziewit, L., & Pranaw, K. (2023). Biopriming of seed with plant growth-promoting bacteria for improved germination and seedling growth. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1142966.
Garcia-Lemos, A. M., Grosskinsky, D. K., Saleem Akhtar, S., Nicolaisen, M. H., Roitsch, T., Nybroe, O., & Veierskov, B. (2020). Identification of root-associated bacteria that influence plant physiology, increase seed germination, or promote growth of the christmas tree species Abies nordmanniana. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 566613.
Guo, R., Wang, X., Han, X., Chen, X., & Wang-Pruski, G. (2020). Physiological and transcriptomic responses of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) to prolonged heat stress. BMC genomics, 21, 1-15.
Hagaggi, N. S. A., & Mohamed, A. A. (2020). Enhancement of Zea mays (L.) growth performance using indole acetic acid producing endophyte Mixta theicola isolated from Solenostemma argel (Hayne). South African Journal of Botany, 134, 64-71.
Han, C., & Yang, P. (2015). Studies on the molecular mechanisms of seed germination. Proteomics, 15(10), 1671-1679.
Iwai, R., Uchida, S., Yamaguchi, S., Sonoda, F., Tsunoda, K., Nagata, H., Nagata, D., Koga, A., Goto, M., Maki, T.-a., Hayashi, S., Yamamoto, S., & Miyasaka, H. (2022). Effects of seed bio-priming by purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) on the root development of rice. Microorganisms, 10(11), 2197.
Jakubus, M., & Bakinowska, E. (2018). Practical applicability of germination index assessed by logistic models. Compost Science and Utilization, 26(2), 104-113.
Kantha, T., Kantachote, D., & Klongdee, N. (2015). Potential of biofertilizers from selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains to assist rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica) growth under salt stress and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Annals of Microbiology, 65(4), 2109-2118.
Khuong, N. Q., Sakpirom, J., Oanh, T. O., Thuc, L. V., Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, D. T., Quang, L. T. & Xuan, L. N. T. (2023a). Isolation and characterization of novel potassium-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria from acidic paddy soils using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 54(3), 2333-2348.
Khuong, N. Q., Thuc, L. V., Giang, C. T., Xuan, L. N. T., Thu, L. T. M., Isao, A. & Jun-Ichi, S. (2023b). Improvement of nutrient uptake, yield of black sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and alluvial soil fertility in dyke by spent rice straw from mushroom cultivation as biofertilizer containing potent strains of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The Scientific World Journal, 2023(1), 1954632.
Koh, R. H., & Song, H. G. (2007). Effects of application of Rhodopseudomonas sp. on seed germination and growth of tomato under axenic conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17(11), 1805-1810.
Mahdi, I., Fahsi, N., Hafidi, M., Allaoui, A., & Biskri, L. (2020). Plant growth enhancement using rhizospheric halotolerant phosphate solubilizing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis QA1 and Enterobacter asburiae QF11 isolated from Chenopodium quinoa willd. Microorganisms, 8(6), 948.
Marthandan, V., Geetha, R., Kumutha, K., Renganathan, V. G., Karthikeyan, A., & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Seed priming: a feasible strategy to enhance drought tolerance in crop plants. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(21), 8258.
Matsuo, T., Asano, T., Mizuno, Y., Sato, S., Fujino, I., & Sadzuka, Y. (2022). Water spinach and okra sprouts inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal, 58(2), 79-84.
Mia, M. B., Shamsuddin, Z. H., & Mahmood, M. (2012). Effects of rhizobia and plant growth promoting bacteria inoculation on germination and seedling vigor of lowland rice. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(16), 3758-3765.
Mujahid, M. D., Sasikala, C., & Ramana, C. V. (2011). Production of indole-3-acetic acid and related indole derivatives from L-tryptophan by Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 89, 1001-1008.
Najjaa, H., Abdelkarim, B. A., Doria, E., Boubakri, A., Trabelsi, N., Falleh, H., Tlili, H., & Neffati, M. (2020). Phenolic composition of some Tunisian medicinal plants associated with anti-proliferative effect on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The EuroBiotech Journal, 4, 104-112.
Nasichin, N., Fajarsukoco, F., Satria, D., Sebastian, Y., & Yulia, M. (2020). Rancang bangun alat tanam benih kangkung darat (Ipomoea Raptana Poir). Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Pertanian-TekTan, 12(2), 116-126.
Ng, L.C., Sariah, M., Sariam, O., Radziah, O., & Zainal-Abidin, M. A. (2012). Rice seed bacterization for promoting germination and seedling growth under aerobic cultivation system. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(1), 170-175.
Nookongbut, P., Jingjit, N., Kantachote, D., Sukhoom, A., & Tantirungkij, M. (2020). Selection of acid tolerant purple nonsulfur bacteria for application in agriculture. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 19(4), 774-790.
Pandey, S., & Gupta, S. (2020). Evaluation of Pseudomonas sp. for its multifarious plant growth promoting potential and its ability to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20951.
Purwanto, P., Oktaviani, E., & Leana, N. W. A. (2022). Seed Bio-Priming to Enhance Seed Germination and Seed Vigor of Rice Using Rhizobacteria from The Northern Coast of Pemalang, Central Java, Indonesia. Planta Tropika, 10(2), 152-159.
Riaz, U., Mehdi, S. M., Iqbal, S., Khalid, H. I., Qadir, A. A., Anum, W., Ahmad, M., & Murtaza, G. (2020). Bio-fertilizers: eco-friendly approach for plant and soil environment. Bioremediation and biotechnology: sustainable approaches to pollution degradation, 189-213.
Roy, S., Zilani, M. N. H., Alrashada, Y. N., Islam, M. M., Akhe, F. K., Uddin, S. J., & Sarower, M. G. (2022). Profiling of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aquatic weed Ipomoea aquatica. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(5), 425-435.
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., & Remans, R. (2007). Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling. FEMS microbiology reviews, 31(4), 425-448.
Sundar, L. S. & Chao, Y. Y. (2022). Potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria in sustainably enhancing the agronomic and physiological performances of rice. Agronomy, 12(10), 2347.
Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, L. N. T., Anh, N. H. M., Trong, N. D., Dao, N. T. X., Quang, L. T., Tho, L. T. N., Thu, H. N., Anh, N. T., Diem, N. T. T., & Khuong, N. Q. (2024a). Improving nitrogen content in soil and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) yield by purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris in two consecutive seasons. International Microbiology, 27(6), 1821-1830.
Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, L. N. T., Nhan, T. C., Quang, L. T., Trong, N. D., Thuan, V. M., Nguyen, T. T. K., Nguyen, P. C., Thuc, L. V. & Khuong, N. Q. (2024b). Characterization of novel species of potassium-dissolving purple nonsulfur bacteria isolated from in-dyked alluvial upland soil for maize cultivation. Life, 14(11), 1461.
Wu, J. Y., Chen, H. W., Sundar, L. S., Tu, Y. K., & Chao, Y. Y. (2025). Exploring the potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria strains A3-5 and F3-3 in sustainable agriculture: a study on nutrient solubilization, plant growth promotion, and acidic stress tolerance. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,25(2), 2294-2313.
Xuan, L. N. T., Thu, L. T. M., Nhan, T. C., Ngan, N. T., Tam, L. H. M., Dang, L. V., Trong, N. D., Quang, L. T., Diem, N. T. T., & Khuong, N. Q. (2024). Purple nonsulfur bacteria rhodopseudomonas palustris improve soil phosphorus availability and yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in alluvial soils via plant and ratoon seasons. The Open Agriculture Journal, 18, e18743315316126.
Anh, N. H., Xuan, L. N. T., Xuan, D. T., Quang, L. T. & Khuong, N. Q. (2024). Nitrogen-fixing purple nonsulfur bacteria originating from acid saline soils of a rice-shrimp farm. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 14-28.
Brahim, A. H., Ben Ali, M., Daoud, L., Jlidi, M., Akremi, I., Hmani, H., Feto, N. A., & Ben Ali, M. (2022). Biopriming of durum wheat seeds with endophytic diazotrophic bacteria enhances tolerance to Fusarium head blight and salinity. Microorganisms, 10(5), 970.
Bui, T. H., Bui, V. L., Duong, V. H., Duong, D. T., Le, N. T., Tran, D. K., Tran, V. K., Ha, T. T. L., Phan, G. T. T., Tran, V. H., Hoang, V. K., & Tran, H. N. (2024). Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk) under flooded and unflooded conditions in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 277, 107445.
Castiglione, A. M., Mannino, G., Contartese, V., Bertea, C. M., & Ertani, A. (2021). Microbial biostimulants as response to modern agriculture needs: Composition, role and application of these innovative products. Plants, 10(8), 1533.
Dhar, K., Venkateswarlu, K., & Megharaj, M. (2023). Anoxygenic phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria: tool for bioremediation of hazardous environmental pollutants. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(10), 283.
Divyanshu, K., Yadav, M., Shukla, V., Kumar, S., Tripathi, Y. N., & Upadhyay, R. S. (2022). Molecular identification and characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their effect on seed germination and vigour index of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 16(2), 974-984.
Ebert, A. W., & Wu, T. H. (2019). The effect of seed treatments on the germination of fresh and stored seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Journal of Horticulture, 6(254), 2376-0354.
El-Sawi, N., Gad, M. H., Al-Seeni, M. N., Younes, S., El-Ghadban, E. M., & Ali, S. S. (2017). Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Ipomoea aquatica fractions in streptozotocin induced diabetic in male rat model n. Sohag Journal of Sciences, 2(1), 9-17.
Fatima, Z., Saleemi, M., Zia, M., Sultan, T., Aslam, M., Rehman, R., & Chaudhary, M. F. (2009). Antifungal activity of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolates against Rhizoctonia solani in wheat. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(2), 219-225.
Fevria, R., & Aliciafarma, S. (2021). Comparison of nutritional content of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) cultivated hydroponically and non-hydroponically. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1940 (1), 012049.
Fiodor, A., Ajijah, N., Dziewit, L., & Pranaw, K. (2023). Biopriming of seed with plant growth-promoting bacteria for improved germination and seedling growth. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1142966.
Garcia-Lemos, A. M., Grosskinsky, D. K., Saleem Akhtar, S., Nicolaisen, M. H., Roitsch, T., Nybroe, O., & Veierskov, B. (2020). Identification of root-associated bacteria that influence plant physiology, increase seed germination, or promote growth of the christmas tree species Abies nordmanniana. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 566613.
Guo, R., Wang, X., Han, X., Chen, X., & Wang-Pruski, G. (2020). Physiological and transcriptomic responses of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) to prolonged heat stress. BMC genomics, 21, 1-15.
Hagaggi, N. S. A., & Mohamed, A. A. (2020). Enhancement of Zea mays (L.) growth performance using indole acetic acid producing endophyte Mixta theicola isolated from Solenostemma argel (Hayne). South African Journal of Botany, 134, 64-71.
Han, C., & Yang, P. (2015). Studies on the molecular mechanisms of seed germination. Proteomics, 15(10), 1671-1679.
Iwai, R., Uchida, S., Yamaguchi, S., Sonoda, F., Tsunoda, K., Nagata, H., Nagata, D., Koga, A., Goto, M., Maki, T.-a., Hayashi, S., Yamamoto, S., & Miyasaka, H. (2022). Effects of seed bio-priming by purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) on the root development of rice. Microorganisms, 10(11), 2197.
Jakubus, M., & Bakinowska, E. (2018). Practical applicability of germination index assessed by logistic models. Compost Science and Utilization, 26(2), 104-113.
Kantha, T., Kantachote, D., & Klongdee, N. (2015). Potential of biofertilizers from selected Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains to assist rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica) growth under salt stress and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Annals of Microbiology, 65(4), 2109-2118.
Khuong, N. Q., Sakpirom, J., Oanh, T. O., Thuc, L. V., Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, D. T., Quang, L. T. & Xuan, L. N. T. (2023a). Isolation and characterization of novel potassium-solubilizing purple nonsulfur bacteria from acidic paddy soils using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 54(3), 2333-2348.
Khuong, N. Q., Thuc, L. V., Giang, C. T., Xuan, L. N. T., Thu, L. T. M., Isao, A. & Jun-Ichi, S. (2023b). Improvement of nutrient uptake, yield of black sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and alluvial soil fertility in dyke by spent rice straw from mushroom cultivation as biofertilizer containing potent strains of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The Scientific World Journal, 2023(1), 1954632.
Koh, R. H., & Song, H. G. (2007). Effects of application of Rhodopseudomonas sp. on seed germination and growth of tomato under axenic conditions. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17(11), 1805-1810.
Mahdi, I., Fahsi, N., Hafidi, M., Allaoui, A., & Biskri, L. (2020). Plant growth enhancement using rhizospheric halotolerant phosphate solubilizing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis QA1 and Enterobacter asburiae QF11 isolated from Chenopodium quinoa willd. Microorganisms, 8(6), 948.
Marthandan, V., Geetha, R., Kumutha, K., Renganathan, V. G., Karthikeyan, A., & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Seed priming: a feasible strategy to enhance drought tolerance in crop plants. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(21), 8258.
Matsuo, T., Asano, T., Mizuno, Y., Sato, S., Fujino, I., & Sadzuka, Y. (2022). Water spinach and okra sprouts inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal, 58(2), 79-84.
Mia, M. B., Shamsuddin, Z. H., & Mahmood, M. (2012). Effects of rhizobia and plant growth promoting bacteria inoculation on germination and seedling vigor of lowland rice. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(16), 3758-3765.
Mujahid, M. D., Sasikala, C., & Ramana, C. V. (2011). Production of indole-3-acetic acid and related indole derivatives from L-tryptophan by Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 89, 1001-1008.
Najjaa, H., Abdelkarim, B. A., Doria, E., Boubakri, A., Trabelsi, N., Falleh, H., Tlili, H., & Neffati, M. (2020). Phenolic composition of some Tunisian medicinal plants associated with anti-proliferative effect on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The EuroBiotech Journal, 4, 104-112.
Nasichin, N., Fajarsukoco, F., Satria, D., Sebastian, Y., & Yulia, M. (2020). Rancang bangun alat tanam benih kangkung darat (Ipomoea Raptana Poir). Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Pertanian-TekTan, 12(2), 116-126.
Ng, L.C., Sariah, M., Sariam, O., Radziah, O., & Zainal-Abidin, M. A. (2012). Rice seed bacterization for promoting germination and seedling growth under aerobic cultivation system. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6(1), 170-175.
Nookongbut, P., Jingjit, N., Kantachote, D., Sukhoom, A., & Tantirungkij, M. (2020). Selection of acid tolerant purple nonsulfur bacteria for application in agriculture. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 19(4), 774-790.
Pandey, S., & Gupta, S. (2020). Evaluation of Pseudomonas sp. for its multifarious plant growth promoting potential and its ability to alleviate biotic and abiotic stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20951.
Purwanto, P., Oktaviani, E., & Leana, N. W. A. (2022). Seed Bio-Priming to Enhance Seed Germination and Seed Vigor of Rice Using Rhizobacteria from The Northern Coast of Pemalang, Central Java, Indonesia. Planta Tropika, 10(2), 152-159.
Riaz, U., Mehdi, S. M., Iqbal, S., Khalid, H. I., Qadir, A. A., Anum, W., Ahmad, M., & Murtaza, G. (2020). Bio-fertilizers: eco-friendly approach for plant and soil environment. Bioremediation and biotechnology: sustainable approaches to pollution degradation, 189-213.
Roy, S., Zilani, M. N. H., Alrashada, Y. N., Islam, M. M., Akhe, F. K., Uddin, S. J., & Sarower, M. G. (2022). Profiling of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aquatic weed Ipomoea aquatica. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2(5), 425-435.
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., & Remans, R. (2007). Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling. FEMS microbiology reviews, 31(4), 425-448.
Sundar, L. S. & Chao, Y. Y. (2022). Potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria in sustainably enhancing the agronomic and physiological performances of rice. Agronomy, 12(10), 2347.
Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, L. N. T., Anh, N. H. M., Trong, N. D., Dao, N. T. X., Quang, L. T., Tho, L. T. N., Thu, H. N., Anh, N. T., Diem, N. T. T., & Khuong, N. Q. (2024a). Improving nitrogen content in soil and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) yield by purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris in two consecutive seasons. International Microbiology, 27(6), 1821-1830.
Thu, L. T. M., Xuan, L. N. T., Nhan, T. C., Quang, L. T., Trong, N. D., Thuan, V. M., Nguyen, T. T. K., Nguyen, P. C., Thuc, L. V. & Khuong, N. Q. (2024b). Characterization of novel species of potassium-dissolving purple nonsulfur bacteria isolated from in-dyked alluvial upland soil for maize cultivation. Life, 14(11), 1461.
Wu, J. Y., Chen, H. W., Sundar, L. S., Tu, Y. K., & Chao, Y. Y. (2025). Exploring the potential of purple non-sulfur bacteria strains A3-5 and F3-3 in sustainable agriculture: a study on nutrient solubilization, plant growth promotion, and acidic stress tolerance. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,25(2), 2294-2313.
Xuan, L. N. T., Thu, L. T. M., Nhan, T. C., Ngan, N. T., Tam, L. H. M., Dang, L. V., Trong, N. D., Quang, L. T., Diem, N. T. T., & Khuong, N. Q. (2024). Purple nonsulfur bacteria rhodopseudomonas palustris improve soil phosphorus availability and yield of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in alluvial soils via plant and ratoon seasons. The Open Agriculture Journal, 18, e18743315316126.