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Abstract
Hemorrhagic disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus is one of the biggest challenges for farming Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in Vietnam. Developing a feed-based vaccine is essential to reduce antibiotic use and minimize losses in fish farming. The study aimed to develop a feed-based vaccine that only releases its contents at the site of action, i.e., in the fish's gastrointestinal tract. pH measurements taken from the digestive system of Red drum before and one hour and thirty minutes after feeding showed a distinct change in pH from a neutral value in the mouth, decreasing to a very low acidic pH in the stomach, then increasing back to neutral and slightly alkaline in the intestine. The study encapsulated formalin-inactivated V. alginolyticus within Eudragit E100 microparticles. Exposure to an acidic environment simulating the conditions of the fish stomach showed that the size of the vaccine-loaded microparticles decreased rapidly, reflecting the degradation of the microparticles and the release of the vaccine. The microparticles did not release the vaccine at pH ≥ 6. These results highlight the potential application of Eudragit E100 in the development of a feed-based vaccine to prevent Vibrio alginolyticus-induced disease in Red drum.
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How to Cite
Nguyen Ngoc Phuoc, Nguyen Nam Quang, Nguyen Duc Quynh Anh, Nguyen Thi Hue Linh, & Nguyen Thi Xuan Hong. (2025). Study on the use of microparticles eudragit e100 as a coating material for inactivated Vibrio alginolyticus vaccine administered via feed to prevent hemorrhagic disease in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9(1), 4706–4716. https://doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v9n1y2025.1224
Section
ANIMAL SCIENCE - VETERINARY MEDICINE - FISHERIES - ANIMALS
Copyright @ 2017-2025 by E-Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
References
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Linares, V., Yarce, C. J., Echeverri, J. D., Galeano, E., & Salamanca, C. H. (2019). Relationship between degree of polymeric ionisation and hydrolytic degradation of Eudragit® E polymers under extreme acid conditions. Polymers, 11(6), 1010.
Miccoli, A., Manni, M., Picchietti, S., & Scapigliati, G. (2021). State-of-the-art vaccine research for aquaculture use: The case of three economically relevant fish species. Vaccines, 9(2), 140.
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Payne, A. I. (1978). Gut pH and digestive strategies in estuarine grey mullet (Mugilidae) and tilapia (Cichlidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 13(5), 627-629.
Reverter, M., Sarter, S., Caruso, D., Avarre, J. C., Combe, M., Pepey, E., Pouyaud, L., Vega-Heredia, S. de Vẻda, H., & Gozlan, R. E. (2020). Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance. Nature communications, 11(1), 1870.
Rombout, J. H. W. M., Van den Berg, A. A., Van den Berg, C. T. G. A., Witte, P., & Egberts, E. (1989). Immunological importance of the second gut segment of carp. III. Systemic and/or mucosal immune responses after immunization with soluble or particulate antigen. Journal of Fish Biology, 35(2), 179-186.
Rombout, J. W., Blok, L. J., Lamers, C. H., & Egberts, E. (1986). Immunization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a Vibrio anguillarum bacterin: indications for a common mucosal immune system. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 10(3), 341-351.
Rosca, I. D., Watari, F., & Uo, M. (2004). Microparticle formation and its mechanism in single and double emulsion solvent evaporation. Journal of controlled release, 99(2), 271-280.
Sadok, K., Mejdi, S., Nourhen, S., & Amina, B. (2013). Phenotypic characterization and RAPD fingerprinting of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus isolated during Tunisian fish farm outbreaks. Folia microbiologica, 58, 17-26.
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Zhang, M., & Sun, L. (2011). The tissue factor pathway inhibitor 1 of Sciaenops ocellatus possesses antimicrobial activity and is involved in the immune response against bacterial infection. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 35(3), 247-252.
Zhou, J., Yu, J., & Chu, Q. (2024). Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of genes and immune pathways following Vibrio harveyi infection in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 146, 109386.
Phạm Thị Hải Yến, Nguyễn Duy Quỳnh Trâm, Nguyễn Anh Hiếu và Nguyễn Quang Linh. (2021). Khả năng kháng khuẩn của cao chiết Diệp hạ châu (Phyllanthus amarus) đối với vi khuẩn Vibrio alginolyticus gây bệnh xuất huyết trên cá Hồng mỹ (Sciaenops ocellatus). Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Huế: Kỹ Thuật & Công Nghệ, 130(2A), 67-79.
Phạm Thị Hải Yến, Trần Quang Khánh Vân, Nguyễn Khoa Huy Sơn và Nguyễn Duy Quỳnh Trâm. (2019). Hiện trạng nuôi cá lồng và tình hình xuất hiện bệnh trên một số đối tượng cá nước lợ – mặn có giá trị kinh tế nuôi tại Thừa Thiên Huế. Tạp chí Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn, 23, 50–57.
Thủ tướng Chính phủ. (2018). Quyết định số 50/2018/QĐ-TTg ngày 13 tháng 12 năm 2018 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ ban hành Quy định đối tượng Thủy sản nuôi chủ lực. Khai thác từ https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/default.aspx?pageid=27160&docid=195564
Assefa, A., & Abunna, F. (2018). Maintenance of fish health in aquaculture: review of epidemiological approaches for prevention and control of infectious disease of fish. Veterinary medicine international, 2018(1), 5432497.
Ayukekbong, J. A., Ntemgwa, M., & Atabe, A. N. (2017). The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 6, 1-8.
Bashir, S., Phuoc, N. N., Herath, T., Basit, A., Zadoks, R. N., & Murdan, S. (2023). An oral pH-responsive Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine formulation provides protective immunity to pathogen challenge in tilapia: A proof-of-concept study. Plos one, 18(3), e0278277.
Cao, J., Zhang, J., Ma, L., Li, L., Zhang, W., & Li, J. (2018). Identification of fish source Vibrio alginolyticus and evaluation of its bacterial ghosts vaccine immune effects. Microbiologyopen, 7(3), e00576.
Damir, K., Irena, V. S., Damir, V., & Emin, T. (2013). Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio alginolyticus in the Eastern Adriatic Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 75(1-2), 46-52.
Dubey, S., Avadhani, K., Mutalik, S., Sivadasan, S. M., Maiti, B., Paul, J., Girisha, S. K., Venugopal, M. N., Mutoloki, S., Evensen, O., Karunasaga, I., & Munang’andu, H. M. (2016). Aeromonas hydrophila OmpW PLGA nanoparticle oral vaccine shows a dose-dependent protective immunity in rohu (Labeo rohita). Vaccines, 4(2), 21.
Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (2021). Inactive ingredient search for approved drug products.
Gillespie, S., & van den Bold, M. (2017). Agriculture, food systems, and nutrition: meeting the challenge. Global Challenges, 1(3), 1600002.
Halimi, M., Alishahi, M., Abbaspour, M. R., Ghorbanpoor, M., & Tabandeh, M. R. (2018). Efficacy of a Eudragit L30D-55 encapsulated oral vaccine containing inactivated bacteria (Lactococcus garvieae/Streptococcus iniae) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 81, 430-437.
Kitiyodom, S., Kaewmalun, S., Nittayasut, N., Suktham, K., Surassmo, S., Namdee, K., Rodkhun, C., Pirarat, N., & Yata, T. (2019). The potential of mucoadhesive polymer in enhancing efficacy of direct immersion vaccination against Flavobacterium columnare infection in tilapia. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 86, 635-640.
Lee, P. T., Yamamoto, F. Y., Low, C. F., Loh, J. Y., & Chong, C. M. (2021). Gut immune system and the implications of oral-administered immunoprophylaxis in finfish aquaculture. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 773193.
Linares, V., Yarce, C. J., Echeverri, J. D., Galeano, E., & Salamanca, C. H. (2019). Relationship between degree of polymeric ionisation and hydrolytic degradation of Eudragit® E polymers under extreme acid conditions. Polymers, 11(6), 1010.
Miccoli, A., Manni, M., Picchietti, S., & Scapigliati, G. (2021). State-of-the-art vaccine research for aquaculture use: The case of three economically relevant fish species. Vaccines, 9(2), 140.
Mohamad, N., Amal, M. N. A., Yasin, I. S. M., Saad, M. Z., Nasruddin, N. S., Al-saari, N., Mino, S., & Sawabe, T. (2019). Vibriosis in cultured marine fishes: a review. Aquaculture, 512, 734289.
Munang’andu, H. M., Paul, J., & Evensen, Ø. (2016). An overview of vaccination strategies and antigen delivery systems for Streptococcus agalactiae vaccines in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Vaccines, 4(4), 48.
Near, T. J., Eytan, R. I., Dornburg, A., Kuhn, K. L., Moore, J. A., Davis, M. P., ... & Smith, W. L. (2012). Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(34), 13698-13703.
Payne, A. I. (1978). Gut pH and digestive strategies in estuarine grey mullet (Mugilidae) and tilapia (Cichlidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 13(5), 627-629.
Reverter, M., Sarter, S., Caruso, D., Avarre, J. C., Combe, M., Pepey, E., Pouyaud, L., Vega-Heredia, S. de Vẻda, H., & Gozlan, R. E. (2020). Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance. Nature communications, 11(1), 1870.
Rombout, J. H. W. M., Van den Berg, A. A., Van den Berg, C. T. G. A., Witte, P., & Egberts, E. (1989). Immunological importance of the second gut segment of carp. III. Systemic and/or mucosal immune responses after immunization with soluble or particulate antigen. Journal of Fish Biology, 35(2), 179-186.
Rombout, J. W., Blok, L. J., Lamers, C. H., & Egberts, E. (1986). Immunization of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a Vibrio anguillarum bacterin: indications for a common mucosal immune system. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 10(3), 341-351.
Rosca, I. D., Watari, F., & Uo, M. (2004). Microparticle formation and its mechanism in single and double emulsion solvent evaporation. Journal of controlled release, 99(2), 271-280.
Sadok, K., Mejdi, S., Nourhen, S., & Amina, B. (2013). Phenotypic characterization and RAPD fingerprinting of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus isolated during Tunisian fish farm outbreaks. Folia microbiologica, 58, 17-26.
Yen, P. T. H., Linh, N. Q., & Tram, N. D. Q. (2021). The identification and determination of toxin genes of Vibrio strains causing hemorrhagic disease on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) using PCR. AMB Express, 11(1), 4.
Zhang, M., & Sun, L. (2011). The tissue factor pathway inhibitor 1 of Sciaenops ocellatus possesses antimicrobial activity and is involved in the immune response against bacterial infection. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 35(3), 247-252.
Zhou, J., Yu, J., & Chu, Q. (2024). Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of genes and immune pathways following Vibrio harveyi infection in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 146, 109386.